Patrón de uso del teléfono móvil e Internet en adolescentes de entre 11 y 15 años / Pattern of mobile phone and internet use among 11–15-years-old

Objetivo: Valorar el patrón de uso de Internet y del teléfono móvil para conocer un posible abuso, y describir los factores relacionados con este patrón en adolescentes de 11-15 años. Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal en 8 centros de educación primaria y secundaria adscritos a un centro de salud semirrural. Muestreo bietápico, por conglomerados y sistemático, con un tamaño final de la muestra de 446 participantes. Se contemplaron variables sociodemográficas y aquellas relacionadas con el Cuestionario de experiencias relacionadas con el móvil (CERM) y el Cuestionario de experiencias relacionadas con Internet (CERI). Resultados: Se obtuvieron 446 encuestas válidas, 228 niños (51,1%) y 218 niñas (48,9%) de 11 a 15 años. Tenían móvil propio 418 (93,7%). La mediana de uso del móvil fue de 12horas entre semana y 10 el fin de semana. Lo más usado fue WhatsApp (53,6%) y redes sociales (31,4%). Se observaron criterios de uso problemático de Internet (CERI≥26) en un 15,7%, especialmente en 2.o y 3.o de ESO. Las niñas presentaron mayores valores de CERI-conflictos interpersonales (p=0,04). Respecto al uso del móvil, las niñas presentaron mayor puntuación en CERM total (p=0,001) y CERM-uso comunicacional y emocional (p=0,001). Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos sitúan un inicio precoz de los problemas por uso de Internet y el móvil probablemente relacionado con la accesibilidad a las nuevas tecnologías. Se ha observado ausencia de control parental, más uso problemático de móvil e Internet en 2.o y 3.o de ESO y en las niñas mayores puntuaciones relacionadas con uso comunicacional, emocional y conflictos interpersonales. Los hallazgos del estudio pueden ayudar a incrementar la concienciación sobre este problema, así como detectarlo de forma precoz y prevenir los efectos de la adicción a las tecnologías en adolescentes.(AU)

Objective: To assess the pattern of problematic internet and mobile use in a sample of adolescents. Method: Cross-sectional descriptive study in 8 primary and secondary education centres attached to a semi-rural health centre serving 21,000 inhabitants. Two-stage, cluster and systematic sampling, with a final sample size of 446 participants. Sociodemographic variables and data related to the questionnaire for mobile phone-related experiences (CERM) and questionnaire on internet-related experiences (CERI) were collected. Results: 446 valid surveys were obtained, 228 boys (51.1%) and 218 girls (48.9%) 11 to 15 years old. A total of 418 (93.7%) had their own mobile. Median mobile usage was 12hours on weekdays and 10 at weekends. The most used platforms were WhatsApp (53.6%) and social media (31.4%). Criteria for problematic internet use (CERI>26) were observed in 15.7%, more in 2nd and 3rd ESO. Girls had higher CERI -interpersonal conflict scores (p=.04). Regarding mobile use, girls had higher scores in total CERM (p=.001) and CERM-communicative and emotional use (p=.001). Conclusions: The results indicate early onset of problems with internet and mobile use, probably related to the accessibility of the new technologies. No parental control was observed. More problematic use of mobile and internet in second and third compulsory secondary education and higher scores in the group of girls related to communication, emotional use and interpersonal conflicts were observed. The findings can help to raise awareness of this problem, detect it early and prevent the effects of addiction to technologies in adolescents.(AU)

Pattern of mobile phone and internet use among 11-15-years-old.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the pattern of problematic internet and mobile use in a sample of adolescents. METHOD: Cross-sectional descriptive study in 8 primary and secondary education centres attached to a semi-rural health centre serving 21,000 inhabitants. Two-stage, cluster and systematic sampling, with a final sample size of 446 participants. Sociodemographic variables and data related to the questionnaire for mobile phone-related experiences (CERM) and questionnaire on internet-related experiences (CERI) were collected. RESULTS: 446 valid surveys were obtained, 228 boys (51.1%) and 218 girls (48.9%) 11-15 years old. A total of 418 (93.7%) had their own mobile. Median mobile usage was 12h on weekdays and 10 at weekends. The most used platforms were WhatsApp (53.6%) and social media (31.4%). Criteria for problematic internet use (CERI>26) were observed in 15.7%, more in 2nd and 3rd ESO. Girls had higher CERI -interpersonal conflict scores (p=.04). Regarding mobile use, girls had higher scores in total CERM (p=.001) and CERM-communicative and emotional use (p=.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate early onset of problems with internet and mobile use, probably related to the accessibility of the new technologies. No parental control was observed. More problematic use of mobile and internet in second and third compulsory secondary education and higher scores in the group of girls related to communication, emotional use and interpersonal conflicts were observed. The findings can help to raise awareness of this problem, detect it early and prevent the effects of addiction to technologies in adolescents.

Relevancia de la Evitación Experiencial en la Esclerosis Múltiple y rol de enfermería / Relevance of Experiential avoidance in Multiple sclerosis and nursing rol

Objetivo: Describir los niveles de Evitación experiencial (EE) en pacientes con Esclerosis Múltiple (EM) y establecer los principales diagnósticos enfermeros. Metodología: Estudio transversal y analítico realizado con 51 pacientes de dos asociaciones de EM. Se utilizó la escala autoaplicada Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II). Resultados: Se obtuvo una media para la evitación experiencial de 23,84. El análisis por factores evidenció mayores puntuaciones para el factor desbordamiento emocional (46,02 %). Conclusión: La evitación experiencial constituye una respuesta de afrontamiento ineficaz ante la esclerosis múltiple, y se ha constatado una mayor prevalencia entre el sexo femenino. Se propone la inclusión de herramientas que permitan el diagnóstico precoz de alteraciones cognitivas relacionadas con esta patología desde la Atención Primaria de salud. (AU)

Objective: To describe the levels of Experimental avoidance (EA) in patients with Multiple sclerosis (MS) and establish the main nursing diagnoses. Methods: cross-sectional study carried out with 51 patients in two MS associations The self-applied scale Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II was used. Results: The average score for the experiential avoidance was 23.84. The analysis by factors shows higher scores for emotional overflow (46.02 %). Conclusion: Experience avoidance is an ineffective coping response to multiple sclerosis, and there has been a higher prevalence among the female sex. It is proposed to include tools that allow the early diagnosis of cognitive alterations related to this pathology from Primary Health Care. (AU)

Valor de la testosterona en saliva en el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Alzheimer / Value of testosterone in saliva in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease

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Influencia del aceite de coco en enfermos de alzhéimer a nivel cognitivo / How does coconut oil affect cognitive performance in alzheimer patients?

Introducción: la enfermedad de Alzheimer es a día de hoy la demencia neurodegenerativa con mayor prevalencia en el primer mundo. Este hecho, unido a la falta de tratamiento farmacológico que cure la enfermedad, hace que se estudien nuevas estrategias terapéuticas no farmacológicas como es la administración de nutrientes. En este sentido, destaca la posible influencia del aceite de coco como fuente energética alternativa, capaz de frenar la muerte neuronal que se produce de modo progresivo en esta enfermedad. Objetivos: valorar el impacto del aceite de coco a nivel cognitivo en pacientes de alzhéimer, y concretamente en las áreas de orientación, lenguaje-construcción, fijación, cálculo-concentración y memoria. Métodos: estudio prospectivo, longitudinal, cualitativo, analítico y experimental a través de un ensayo clínico, donde se seleccionaron a 44 pacientes con alzhéimer de la zona de la Ribera (Comunidad Valenciana), de los cuales a la mitad se le administró durante 21 días, 40 ml diarios de aceite de coco repartidos entre desayuno (20 ml) y comida (20 ml). Antes y después de la administración del aceite, se les valoró a través del test cognitivo Mini-Examen Cognoscitivo, para determinar los posibles cambios. Resultados: en los enfermos que tomaron el aceite de coco se observó una mejora cognitiva tras finalizar la intervención, siendo estadísticamente significativa en las áreas de orientación y lenguaje-construcción. Conclusiones: el aceite de coco parece mejorar la capacidad cognitiva de los enfermos de alzhéimer, variando la intensidad de la misma en función del área cognitiva (AU)

Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative dementia in developed world. This fact, coupled with the lack cure, makes new no pharmacological therapeutic strategies such as nutrient management to investigate. In this regard, it stresses the possible influence of coconut oil as alternative energy source capable of stopping the progressively neuronal death that occurs in this disease. Objectives: To assess the cognitive impact of coconut oil in Alzheimer’s patients, and specifi cally in orientation, language-building, fixing, calculation-concentration and memory areas. Methods: Prospective, longitudinal, qualitative, analytical and experimental study through a clinical trial where 44 patients with Alzheimer’s in region of Ribera (Valencia), of which half was selected to receive during 21 days, 40 ml coconut oil daily divided between breakfast (20 ml) and food (20 ml). Before and after administration of the oil, they were evaluated through cognitive test Mini-Mental State Examination to determine possible changes. Results: It was observed in patients who received coconut oil, that cognitive improvement after completion of the intervention, statistically significant improved in the orientation and language-construction areas. Conclusions: Coconut oil appears to improve cognitive abilities of Alzheimer’s patients, with different intensity depending on the cognitive area (AU)

Modelos animales de adicción a las drogas / Animal Models of Drug Addiction

El desarrollo de modelos animales de refuerzo y adicción a las drogas es imprescindible para el avance en el conocimiento de las bases biológicas de este trastorno y la identificación de nuevas dianas terapéuticas. En función del componente del refuerzo que deseemos estudiar podemos servirnos de un tipo de modelos animales u otros. Podemos utilizar modelos de refuerzo basados en el efecto hedónico primario que produce el consumo de la sustancia adictiva, como los modelos de autoadministración (AA) y autoestimulación eléctrica intracraneal (AEIC), o modelos basados en el componente relacionado con el aprendizaje asociativo y la capacidad cognitiva de realizar predicciones sobre la obtención del refuerzo en el futuro, como el modelo de condicionamiento de preferencia de lugar (CPL). En los últimos años los modelos han incorporado modificaciones metodológicas para incluir el estudio de los procesos de extinción, reinstauración y reconsolidación o para modelar aspectos concretos de la conducta adictiva como puede ser la motivación para consumir la droga, el consumo compulsivo o la búsqueda de la droga bajo situaciones de castigo. Otros modelos interrelacionan diferentes componentes del refuerzo o modelan la motivación voluntaria por consumir (modelos de "two-bottle choice" o "drinking in the dark"). En definitiva, las innovaciones en estos modelos contribuyen al avance en el conocimiento científico de los diferentes factores que llevan a tomar una droga y a desarrollar un consumo compulsivo, ofreciendo una vía para identificar futuros tratamientos para la adicción

The development of animal models of drug reward and addiction is an essential factor for progress in understanding the biological basis of this disorder and for the identification of new therapeutic targets. Depending on the component of reward to be studied, one type of animal model or another may be used. There are models of reinforcement based on the primary hedonic effect produced by the consumption of the addictive substance, such as the self-administration (SA) and intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) paradigms, and there are models based on the component of reward related to associative learning and cognitive ability to make predictions about obtaining reward in the future, such as the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. In recent years these models have incorporated methodological modifications to study extinction, reinstatement and reconsolidation processes, or to model specific aspects of addictive behavior such as motivation to consume drugs, compulsive consumption or drug seeking under punishment situations. There are also models that link different reinforcement components or model voluntary motivation to consume (two-bottle choice, or drinking in the dark tests). In short, innovations in these models allow progress in scientific knowledge regarding the different aspects that lead individuals to consume a drug and develop compulsive consumption, providing a target for future treatments of addiction

Púrpura trombótica trombocitopénica inducida por ciclosporina. Estudio de 3 casos / Cyclosporin-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Report of three cases

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Aceite de coco: tratamiento alternativo no farmacológico frente a la enfermedad de Alzheimer / Coconut oil: non-alternative drug treatment against alzheimer´s disease

Introducción: la enfermedad de Alzheimer es la demencia más prevalente en la actualidad. En cuanto al tratamiento, no existe cura farmacológica definitiva, con lo cual son necesarias nuevas alternativas terapéuticas. En este sentido, los triglicéridos de cadena media suponen una fuente directa de energía celular y pueden ser una alternativa no farmacológica a la muerte neuronal por falta de la misma, que se produce en los enfermos de Alzheimer. Objetivo: evaluar el impacto que tiene el aceite de coco en la evolución de la demencia tipo Alzheimer, en cualquier grado de demencia. Asimismo, determinar si existe influencia en dicha mejora, de variables como el sexo y padecer o no diabetes mellitus tipo II. Material y métodos: estudio prospectivo realizado en pacientes con demencia tipo Alzheimer, con un grupo control y un grupo de intervención al que se le administró 40 ml/día de aceite de coco virgen extra. Los parámetros evaluados han sido las puntuaciones del test del miniexamen cognoscitivo de Lobo, pre y postintervención en ambos grupos. Resultados: se observó en los sujetos que tomaban el producto un aumento estadísticamente significativo de la puntuación del test MEC-LOBO y, por consiguiente, una mejoría del estado cognitivo, mejorando sobre todo las mujeres, los que no tenían diabetes mellitus tipo II y los pacientes graves. Conclusión: este estudio, aunque preliminar, demuestra la influencia positiva del aceite de coco a nivel cognitivo en los pacientes con Alzheimer, siendo esta mejoría dependiente del sexo, de la existencia o no de diabetes y del grado de demencia (AU)

Background: Alzheimer’s dementia is the most prevalent nowadays. As for treatment, there is no definitive cure drug, thus new therapies are needed. In this regard the medium chain triglycerides are a direct source of cellular energy and can be a nonpharmacological alternative to the neuronal death for lack of it, that occurs in Alzheimer patients. Objective: to evaluate the impact of coconut oil in the development of Alzheimer’s dementia, in any degree of dementia. Also determine whether this improvement influences within variables such as sex and suffering or not Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Material and methods: a prospective study was conducted in patients with Alzheimer’s dementia, with a control and an intervention group which was administered 40 ml/day of extra virgin coconut oil. The parameters evaluated were the mini test scores Lobo cognitive test, pre and post intervention in both groups. Results: it was observed in subjects taking the product, a statistically significant increase in test score MECWOLF and therefore an improvement in cognitive status, improving especially women’s, those without diabetes mellitus type II, and severe patients. Conclusion: this study, although preliminary, demonstrated the positive influence of coconut oil at the cognitive level of patients with Alzheimer’s, this improvement being dependent on sex, presence or absence of diabetes and degree of dementia (AU)

Lesões cutâneas malignas e pré-malignas: conhecimentos, hábitos e campanhas de prevenção solar / Malignant and premalignant skin lesions: knowledge, habits and sun protection campaigns

Objetivo determinar a morbilidade de lesões malignas e pré-malignas da pele e o conhecimento da população sobre prevenção solar e hábitos perigosos. Métodos aplica-se um estudo longitudinal retrospetivo e outro descritivo transversal a uma população de 25.956 habitantes utilizando o programa Abucasis® e realizando 201 inquéritos a doentes do serviço de urgências; posteriormente utiliza-se o programa SPSS 15.0 para Windows. Resultados em seis anos registaram-se 228 casos de queratose actínica, 26 de melanoma e 32 de neoplasias malignas da pele. Encontramos que 63,7% da população crê que não se realizam suficientes campanhas de prevenção solar, 50,2% desconhece os sinais de alarme do cancro de pele e a medida de proteção mais utilizada é a utilização de filtros solares. Conclusão A morbilidade de lesões malignas e pré-malignas da pele na população de Manises quadruplicou e o conhecimento acerca da prevenção solar é insuficiente...

Objective To determine the morbidity of malignant and pre-malignant skin lesions and people’s knowledge about preventing sun exposure and dangerous habits. Methods A retrospective longitudinal study and one descriptive transversal study were conducted with a population of 25,956 inhabitants using the Abucasis® program, and 201 questionnaires were administered to patients in an emergency department; SPSS 15.0 for Windows program was then used. Results In six years there were 228 cases of actinic keratosis, 26 melanoma and 32 malignant neoplasms of the skin. It was found that 63.7% of the population believed that sufficient solar prevention campaigns were not performed, 50.2% were unaware of the warning signs of skin cancer, and the most widely used measure used for protection was the use of sunscreens. Conclusion The morbidity of malignant and premalignant skin lesions in the Manises population quadrupled and the knowledge about preventing sun exposure is insufficient...

Taxa de contaminação de testes hematológicos e seus fatores determinantes / Contamination rate of blood tests and its determining factors

Objetivo: Conhecer a taxa de contaminação de hemoculturas e os seus fatores determinantes. Métodos: Foram analisadas 564 amostras de hemoculturas requisitadas num serviço hospitalar de urgências e questionados 46 enfermeiras(os) durante um período de seis meses. Resultados: Produziram-se 92 contaminações de hemoculturas de um total de 564 requisições num período de seis meses, o que corresponde a uma taxa de contaminação de 16,31%. O fator determinante foi a utilização de técnica pouco estéril. Conclusão: A taxa de contaminação das hemoculturas está diretamente relacionada aos procedimentos utilizados pelos profissionais de enfermagem e a carga de trabalho está diretamente associada a erros na técnica estéril de coleta. .

Objective: Determining the contamination rate of blood cultures and its determining factors. Methods: During a period of six months, were analyzed 564 blood culture samples requested at hospital emergency wards and 46 nurses were inquired. Results: In a period of six months, among a total of 564 requests, 92 blood cultures were contaminated, which corresponds to a contamination rate of 16.31%. The determining factor was the use of low-level sterile technique. Conclusion: The contamination rate of blood cultures is directly related to the procedures used by the nursing staff, and the workload is directly related to errors in the sterile technique of collection. .